Transisi Umayyah-Abbasiyah: Tata Kelola, Ekonomi, dan Pendidikan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.62712/jurpai.v2i1.36Keywords:
Dinasti Umayyah, Dinasti Abbasiyah, Ekonomi Islam, Pendidikan Islam, Zaman Keemasan IslamAbstract
Penelitian ini menyajikan sebuah sintesis dari penelitian-penelitian terkini mengenai dinasti Umayyah (661-750 M) dan Abbasiyah (750-1258 M) untuk menantang narasi historiografis tradisional yang seringkali menggambarkan transisi kekuasaan sebagai sebuah diskontinuitas radikal. Dengan mengintegrasikan temuan arkeologis, analisis spasial, kajian numismatik, dan re-evaluasi teks-teks historis, penelitian ini mengemukakan argumen bahwa periode Abbasiyah, yang sering disebut sebagai "Zaman Keemasan Islam", tidak muncul secara ex nihilo. Sebaliknya, ia merupakan hasil dari sebuah proses evolusioner yang kompleks, di mana fondasi-fondasi administratif, arsitektural, ekonomi, dan bahkan intelektual yang diletakkan oleh Dinasti Umayyah secara strategis diadaptasi, diperluas, dan diinstitusionalisasikan oleh para penerus mereka, Abbasiyah. Artikel ini secara spesifik menganalisis tiga domain utama: (1) inovasi dalam tata kelola dan arsitektur sebagai instrumen kekuasaan; (2) perkembangan kebijakan ekonomi dan jaringan perdagangan; dan (3) evolusi institusi pendidikan dan keilmuan sebagai studi kasus utama yang merefleksikan dinamika kontinuitas dan perubahan. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa Dinasti Umayyah berperan sebagai arsitek awal kerangka kerja kekaisaran Islam, sementara Dinasti Abbasiyah bertindak sebagai pengembang yang mengkonsolidasikan, mengkosmopolitankan, dan menginstitusionalisasikan kerangka tersebut dalam skala yang belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya. Kesimpulan ini mengimplikasikan perlunya pergeseran paradigma dalam memahami sejarah peradaban Islam awal, dari narasi revolusi ke narasi evolusi yang terintegrasi.
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